Andrew Hammond is a tutor in Turkish history at the University of Oxford and author of Late Ottoman Origins of Modern Islamic Thought: Turkish and Egyptian Thinkers on the Disruption of Islamic Knowledge (Cambridge University Press, 2022), Popular Culture in North Africa and the Middle East (Bloomsbury, 2017) and What the Arabs Think of America (Greenwood, 2007). He worked as a journalist with BBC Arabic and Reuters in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, covering the Iraq invasion of 2003 and the Arab Spring uprisings of 2011-2013, and he was also a Mideast policy analyst with the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) and HSBC Middle East. He writes at Substack and Middle East Eye and his work can be found at Academia.edu.